Yees duab: Courtesy Naturhistorisches Tsev khaws puav pheej

Cov duab puab ntawm keeb kwm kos duab, daim duab me me uas ntsuas tshaj li plaub ntiv tes hauv qhov siab tau pom nyob rau hauv Austria xyoo 1908. Tsis muaj leej twg paub tias nws ua haujlwm li cas, tab sis kev kwv yees tau muaj txij li tus vajtswv poj niam fertility mus rau kev pab masturbation.Qee cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias nws yuav yog tus kheej-portrait ua los ntawm ib tug poj niam.Nws yog qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm ntau yam khoom sib tham los ntawm Lub Hnub Qub Pob Zeb.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

Daim duab no tau ua lub cim ntawm kev zoo nkauj poj niam txij li thaum nws tau pom thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1912 nyob rau hauv lub ruins ntawm Amarna, lub nroog lub nroog tsim los ntawm cov teeb meem feem ntau ntawm Vajntxwv Iyiv keeb kwm: Akhenaten.Lub neej ntawm nws poj huab tais, Nefertiti, yog ib yam dab tsi tsis paub: Nws tau xav tias nws tau kav ua vaj ntxwv rau ib lub sij hawm tom qab Akhenaten tuag - los yog ntau dua, raws li tus co-regent ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Tutankhamun.Ib txhia Egyptologist ntseeg hais tias nws yog Tut niam.Qhov no stucco-coated limestone bust yog xav tias yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Thutmose, Akhenaten lub tsev hais plaub sculptor.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

Pom tau nyob rau xyoo 1974, Tub Rog Terracotta yog ib qho chaw loj ntawm cov av nplaum uas tau faus rau hauv peb lub qhov ntxa loj ze ntawm lub qhov ntxa Shi Huang, thawj tus huab tais ntawm Tuam Tshoj, uas tuag hauv 210 BC.Txhais tau hais tias los tiv thaiv nws nyob rau hauv lub neej tom qab, Tub Rog tau ntseeg los ntawm qee qhov kev kwv yees kom muaj ntau dua 8,000 tus tub rog nrog rau 670 tus nees thiab 130 lub tsheb loj.Txhua tus yog lub neej-loj, txawm tias qhov siab tiag tiag txawv raws li qib tub rog.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws duab puab ntawm Roman antiquity,Laocoon thiab Nws Cov Tubyog thawj zaug unearthed nyob rau hauv Rome nyob rau hauv 1506 thiab tsiv mus rau lub Vatican, qhov twg nws nyob rau niaj hnub no.Nws yog raws li lus dab neeg ntawm ib tug pov thawj Trojan tua nrog nws cov tub los ntawm hiav txwv nab xa los ntawm hiav txwv vajtswv Poseidon raws li kev pauj rau Laocoön qhov kev sim los nthuav tawm txoj cai ntawm Trojan Nees.Keeb kwm tau teeb tsa hauv lub palace ntawm Emperor Titus, qhov kev ua neej loj ntawm pawg neeg no, suav nrog peb ntawm Greek sculptors los ntawm Island of Rhodes, yog unrivaled raws li kev kawm ntawm tib neeg kev txom nyem.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm kos duab, Michelangelo's David muaj nws lub hauv paus hauv txoj haujlwm loj dua los kho cov pob zeb ntawm Florence lub tsev teev ntuj loj, Duomo, nrog ib pawg ntawm cov duab coj los ntawm Phau Qub.CovDavidyog ib qho, thiab tau pib tiag tiag hauv 1464 los ntawm Agostino di Duccio.Tau ob xyoos tom ntej no, Agostino tau tswj kom ntxhib ib feem ntawm cov pob zeb loj loj ntawm cov pob zeb loj los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb nto moo hauv Carrara ua ntej nres hauv 1466. (Tsis muaj leej twg paub vim li cas.) Lwm tus kws kos duab khaws cov slack, tab sis nws, ib yam nkaus, tsuas yog ua haujlwm rau nws luv luv.Lub marble tseem tsis tau kov rau 25 xyoo tom ntej, kom txog rau thaum Michelangelo resumed carving nws nyob rau hauv 1501. Nws yog 26 lub sij hawm.Thaum ua tiav, Davi hnyav rau 6 tons, txhais tau tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nqa mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj lub ru tsev.Hloov chaw, nws tau muab tso rau sab nraud ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Palazzo Vecchio, Florence lub nroog nrog.Daim duab, ib qho ntawm cov distillation purest ntawm High Renaissance style, tam sim ntawd embraced los ntawm Florentine pej xeem raws li ib tug cim ntawm lub nroog-xeev tus kheej tsis kam tawm tsam lub hwj chim arrayed tawm tsam nws.Nyob rau hauv 1873, lubDavidtau tsiv mus rau Accademia Gallery, thiab ib qho kev hloov pauv tau muab tso rau hauv nws qhov chaw qub.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

Tau lees paub tias yog tus tsim ntawm High Roman Baroque style, Gian Lorenzo Bernini tau tsim qhov txuj ci no rau lub tsev teev ntuj hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm Santa Maria della Vittoria.Lub Baroque yog inextricably txuas mus rau Counter-Reformation los ntawm uas lub Koom Txoos Catholic tau sim stems ntawm Protestantism surging thoob teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th.Artworks zoo li Bernini's yog ib feem ntawm qhov kev pab cuam los lees paub Papal dogma, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm no los ntawm Bernini tus neeg txawj ntse rau imbuing kev cai dab qhuas scenes nrog cov lus piav qhia zoo heev.EcstasyNws yog ib qho xwm txheej hauv lub ntsiab lus: Nws cov ntsiab lus-Saint Teresa ntawm Ávila, tus txiv plig Spanish Carmelite thiab mystic uas tau sau txog nws ntsib nrog tus tubtxib saum ntuj-yog piav raws li tus tim tswv tab tom yuav plunge ib xub rau hauv nws lub siab.Ecstasy's erotic overtones yog unmistakable, feem ntau pom tseeb nyob rau hauv lub nun lub orgasm qhia thiab writhing ntaub wrapping ob daim duab.Ib tug kws kos duab zoo li ib tus kws kos duab, Bernini kuj tau tsim qhov chaw ntawm Chapel hauv marble, stucco thiab xim.

Yees duab: Courtesy The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Fletcher Fund

Tus kws kos duab Italian Antonio Canova (1757-1822) tau suav tias yog tus sculptor loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.Nws ua haujlwm tau hais txog cov qauv Neo-Classical, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom hauv nws cov lus qhia hauv marble ntawm Greek mythical hero Perseus.Canova tau ua ob lub qauv ntawm daim duab: Ib qho nyob hauv Vatican hauv Rome, thaum lwm tus nyob hauv Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art's European Sculpture Court.

Yees duab: Metropolitan Museum Of Art

Thaum Impressionist tus tswv Edgar Degas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hu ua tus neeg pleev kob, nws kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv duab puab, tsim qhov kev sib cav ntau tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov oeuvre.Degas zamTus Me Ntxhais Hluas Nkauj Seev Cevtawm ntawm cov quav ciab (los ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm tooj liab tom qab tau muab pov tseg tom qab nws tuag hauv 1917), tab sis qhov tseeb tias Degas hnav nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev hnav ris tsho tiag tiag (ua tiav nrog bodice, tutu thiab khau khiab) thiab wig ntawm cov plaub hau tiag tiag ua rau muaj kev xav thaumDancerdebuted ntawm Sixth Impressionist Exhibition ntawm 1881 hauv Paris.Degas tau xaiv los npog feem ntau ntawm nws cov embellishments nyob rau hauv ciab kom phim tus ntxhais tus yam ntxwv, tab sis nws khaws lub tutu, nrog rau ib tug ribbon tying backing nws cov plaub hau, raws li lawv yog, ua rau daim duab ib tug ntawm cov thawj piv txwv ntawm pom-khoom. kos duab.Danceryog tib daim duab puab uas Degas nthuav tawm hauv nws lub neej;Tom qab nws tuag, qee qhov 156 ntxiv piv txwv tau pom nyob hauv nws lub studio.

Yees duab: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Thaum cov neeg feem coob koom nrog Fab Kis tus kws kos duab zoo Auguste Rodin nrogTus xav, pawg no ua kev nco txog ib qho xwm txheej thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb (1337–1453) ntawm Tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis yog qhov tseem ceeb dua rau keeb kwm ntawm cov duab puab.Tso cai rau lub tiaj ua si hauv lub nroog Calais (qhov twg ib xyoos ntev los ntawm cov lus Askiv nyob rau hauv 1346 raug tshem tawm thaum muaj rau lub nroog cov txwj laus muab lawv tus kheej rau kev tua nyob rau hauv pauv rau sparing cov pejxeem),Cov Burgherseschewed hom ntawv ib txwm ntawm monuments thaum lub sij hawm: Hloov ntawm cov duab cais los yog piled rau hauv lub pyramid nyob rau hauv lub siab pedestal, Rodin sib sau ua ke nws lub neej-loj kawm ncaj qha rau hauv av, theem nrog tus saib.Qhov no radical txav mus rau realism tsoo nrog cov heroic kev kho mob feem ntau ua raws li tej hauj lwm sab nraum zoov.NrogCov Burghers, Rodin coj ib qho ntawm thawj kauj ruam mus rau niaj hnub duab puab.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Wally Gobetz

Xyoo 1912, Picasso tau tsim ib daim duab los qhia ntawm ib daim uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau xyoo pua 20th.Tsis tas li ntawd hauv MoMA cov ntawv sau, nws tau piav qhia lub guitar, ib qho kev kawm Picasso feem ntau tshawb fawb hauv kev pleev xim thiab kos duab, thiab ntau yam,Guitarpauv collage txoj kev txiav thiab muab tshuaj txhuam los ntawm ob qhov ntev mus rau peb.Nws tau ua tib yam rau Cubism, ib yam nkaus, los ntawm kev sib sau cov duab tiaj tus los tsim ib daim ntawv ntau yam nrog rau qhov tob thiab ntim.Picasso qhov kev tsim kho tshiab yog txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pa carving thiab ua qauv ntawm cov duab puab tawm ntawm cov khoom loj.Hloov chaw,Guitartau fastened ua ke zoo li ib tug qauv.Lub tswv yim no yuav reverberate los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Constructivism mus rau Minimalism thiab dhau mus.Ob xyoos tom qab ua qhovGuitarNyob rau hauv cardboard, Picasso tsim no version nyob rau hauv snipped tin

Yees duab: Metropolitan Museum Of Art

Los ntawm nws qhov pib radical mus rau nws qhov kawg fascist incarnation, Italian Futurism ua rau lub ntiaj teb xav tsis thoob, tab sis tsis muaj ib txoj haujlwm ua piv txwv txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub zog tshaj qhov duab puab los ntawm ib qho ntawm nws lub teeb: Umberto Boccioni.Pib los ua ib tug neeg pleev kob, Boccioni tig mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb qhov ntev tom qab 1913 mus rau Paris nyob rau hauv uas nws mus saib lub studios ntawm ob peb avant-garde sculptors ntawm lub sij hawm, xws li Constantin Brancusi, Raymond Duchamp-Villon thiab Alexander Archipenko.Boccioni tau tsim lawv cov tswv yim rau hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj no, uas qhia txog cov duab zoo nkauj hauv "synthetic continuity" ntawm cov lus tsa suab raws li Boccioni tau piav qhia nws.Cov khoom qub yog tsim nyob rau hauv plaster thiab tsis tau cam khwb cia nyob rau hauv nws cov bronze version mus txog rau thaum 1931, zoo tom qab tus artist tuag nyob rau hauv 1916 raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ib tug Italian artillery regiment thaum lub sij hawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

Yug hauv Romania, Brancusi yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws sculptors ntawm thaum ntxov-20th century modernism - thiab qhov tseeb, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm cov duab puab.Ib hom ntawm proto-minimalist, Brancusi coj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm xwm thiab streamlined lawv mus rau hauv abstract sawv cev.Nws style tau cuam tshuam los ntawm pej xeem kos duab ntawm nws lub tebchaws, uas feem ntau nthuav tawm cov qauv geometric vibrant thiab stylized motifs.Nws kuj tau ua tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom thiab lub hauv paus, kho lawv, hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, raws li cov khoom sib hloov tau - ib txoj hauv kev uas sawv cev rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawg nrog cov kab lis kev cai sculptural.Daim duab iconic no yog ib daim duab ntawm nws tus qauv thiab tus hlub, Margit Pogány, tus tub ntxhais kawm kos duab Hungarian uas nws tau ntsib hauv Paris xyoo 1910. Thawj qhov kev rov ua dua yog carved hauv marble, ua raws li daim ntawv plaster los ntawm qhov no bronze tau ua.Lub plaster nws tus kheej tau nthuav tawm hauv New York ntawm lub legendary Armory Show ntawm 1913, qhov twg cov neeg thuam thuam thiab thuam nws.Tab sis nws kuj yog qhov feem ntau reproduced daim nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yam.Brancusi ua haujlwm rau ntau yam ntawmMlle Poganyrau qee qhov 20 xyoo.

Yees duab: Courtesy The Museum of Modern Art

Tsheb kauj vab logyog suav tias yog thawj zaug ntawm Duchamp's revolutionary readymades.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws ua tiav cov khoom hauv nws lub studio Paris, nws yeej tsis muaj lub tswv yim yuav hu nws li cas."Kuv muaj lub tswv yim zoo siab kom ceev lub tsheb kauj vab rau hauv chav ua noj thiab saib nws tig," Duchamp hais tom qab.Nws tau siv sijhawm xyoo 1915 mus rau New York, thiab nthuav tawm lub nroog cov khoom lag luam tsim khoom loj, rau Duchamp tuaj nrog lub sijhawm npaj tau.Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws tau pib pom tias kev ua yeeb yam hauv cov tsoos, xuas tes ua zoo li tsis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv Industrial Age.Vim li cas thab, nws tau hais tias, thaum muaj ntau yam khoom tsim khoom tuaj yeem ua txoj haujlwm.Rau Duchamp, lub tswv yim tom qab kos duab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov nws tau ua.Qhov kev xav no-tej zaum yog thawj qhov piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse-yuav hloov pauv keeb kwm yav dhau los mus tom ntej.Zoo li ib yam khoom siv hauv tsev, txawm li cas los xij, qhov qubTsheb kauj vab logTsis muaj txoj sia nyob: Qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo sib xws txij li xyoo 1951.

Yees duab: Whitney Museum of American Art, © 2019 Calder Foundation, New York/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

Ib qho kev sib tw nyiam ntawm Whitney Tsev khaws puav pheej khaws cia,Calder's Circusdistills cov ntsiab lus playful uas Alexander Calder (1898-1976) coj los dais ua ib tus kws kos duab uas tau pab tsim 20th-sculpture.Circus, uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tus kws kos duab nyob rau hauv Paris, tsis tshua paub daws teeb meem tshaj nws dai "mobiles," tab sis nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev, nws yog ib yam nkaus li kinetic: ua feem ntau tawm ntawm hlau thiab ntoo,Circusua lub hauv paus rau kev ua yeeb yam improvisational, nyob rau hauv uas Calder tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm ntau yam duab depicting contortionists, ntaj swallowers, tsov ntxhuav tamers, thiab lwm yam, zoo li godlike ringmaster.

Yees duab: Courtesy The J. Paul Getty Museum

Raws li tus kws kos duab thiab tus kws kos duab kos duab zoo li tus kws kos duab, tus kws kos duab Fabkis txoj Aristide Maillol (1861-1944) tuaj yeem piav qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws raws li tus neeg niaj hnub Neo-Classicist uas muab cov kev hloov pauv, 20-xyoo pua tig ntawm cov tsoos Greco-Roman statuary.Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem piav qhia tias yog ib tus neeg saib xyuas radical, txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txawm tias avant-garde contemporaries zoo li Picasso ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev hloov ntawm Neo-Classical style tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb thib 1. Maillol cov ntsiab lus yog poj niam liab qab, thiab hauvL'Air, nws tau tsim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom loj ntawm nws qhov kev kawm, thiab txoj hauv kev uas nws zoo li ntab hauv qhov chaw - sib npaug, zoo li nws yog, obdurate lub cev nrog evanescent muaj.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Flickr/C-Monster

Ib tug neeg ua yeeb yam Japanese uas ua haujlwm hauv ntau qhov nruab nrab, Kusama tuaj rau New York hauv 1957 rov qab los rau Nyij Pooj xyoo 1972. Nyob rau hauv ib ntus, nws tau tsim nws tus kheej los ua tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv plawv nroog, ib qho uas nws kos duab kov ntau lub hauv paus, suav nrog Pop Art, Minimalism. thiab Performance Art.Raws li ib tug poj niam kws kos duab uas feem ntau hais txog poj niam kev sib deev, nws kuj yog tus thawj coj ntawm Feminist Art.Kusama txoj haujlwm feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov qauv hallucinogenic thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov ntawv, ib qho kev tshwm sim hauv qee qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws - kev xav tsis zoo, OCD - nws raug kev txom nyem txij thaum yau.Tag nrho cov no ntawm Kusuma txoj kev kos duab thiab lub neej tau xav txog hauv txoj haujlwm no, uas lub rooj zaum zoo tib yam, upholstered yooj yim yog unnervingly subsumed los ntawm plaguelike tshwm sim ntawm phallic protuberances ua los ntawm sewn khoom ntaub.

Yees duab: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol / Albright-Knox Art Gallery / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

Paub los ntawm nws thawj lub npe, Marisol Escobar (1930-2016) yug hauv Paris rau cov niam txiv Venezuelan.Raws li ib tug kws kos duab, nws tau koom nrog Pop Art thiab tom qab ntawd Op Art, txawm tias stylistically, nws tau koom nrog ob pawg.Hloov chaw, nws tsim cov duab kos duab uas txhais tau tias yog feminist satires ntawm poj niam txiv neej lub luag haujlwm, kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev nplua nuj.HauvPoj niam thiab devnws siv lub hom phiaj ntawm cov poj niam, thiab txoj kev uas txiv neej-tsim qauv ntawm femininity yog siv los yuam kom lawv ua raws.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Rocor

Lub Brillo Box yog tej zaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub ntawm cov duab puab ua haujlwm Warhol tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-'60s, uas tau coj nws txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm pop kab lis kev cai rau peb qhov ntev.Muaj tseeb rau lub npe Warhol tau muab nws lub studio - Lub Hoobkas - tus kws kos duab ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm los ua ib hom kab sib dhos, nailing ua ke cov thawv ntoo hauv cov duab thawv rau ntau yam khoom, suav nrog Heinz Ketchup, Kellogg's Corn Flakes thiab Campbell's Soup, xws li zoo Brillo xab npum pads.Tom qab ntawd nws tau pleev xim rau txhua lub thawv xim sib piv cov thawj (dawb nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Brillo) ua ntej ntxiv cov khoom npe thiab lub logo hauv silkscreen.Tsim nyob rau hauv ntau yam, cov thawv feem ntau tau pom nyob rau hauv cov pawg loj, ua tau zoo tig txhua qhov chaw uas lawv tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom.Lawv cov duab thiab serial ntau lawm yog tej zaum ib tug nod rau-los yog parody ntawm-lub ces-nascent Minimalist style.Tab sis qhov tseeb point ntawmBrillo Boxyog li cas nws ze ze rau qhov tiag tiag subverts artistic conventions, los ntawm implying hais tias tsis muaj tiag tiag txawv ntawm manufactured khoom thiab ua hauj lwm los ntawm ib tug artist lub studio.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Esther Westerveld

Donald Judd lub npe yog ib qho piv txwv nrog Minimal Art, qhov nruab nrab-'60s kev txav uas ua rau niaj hnub kev xav txog kev xav tsis zoo rau qhov tseem ceeb.Rau Judd, sculpture txhais tau hais tias articulating cov hauj lwm cov pob zeb muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.Lub tswv yim no tau piav qhia los ntawm lo lus, "cov khoom tshwj xeeb," thiab thaum lwm tus Minimalists tau txais nws, Judd sib cav tau muab lub tswv yim nws cov lus qhia meej tshaj plaws los ntawm kev siv lub thawv ua nws daim ntawv kos npe.Zoo li Warhol, nws tsim lawv los ua cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem qiv los ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam.Tsis zoo li Warhol lub kaus poom kua zaub thiab Marilyns, Judd's art tau hais txog tsis muaj dab tsi sab nraud ntawm nws tus kheej.Nws "pawg," yog ib qho ntawm nws cov npe nrov tshaj plaws.Txhua tus muaj ib pawg ntawm cov thawv ntiav uas ua los ntawm cov ntawv hlau galvanized, jutting los ntawm phab ntsa los tsim ib kem ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib npaug.Tab sis Judd, uas tau pib ua tus neeg pleev kob, tsuas yog nyiam cov xim thiab kev ntxhib los mos zoo li nws nyob hauv daim ntawv, raws li pom ntawm no los ntawm ntsuab-tinted nws pib-lub cev lacquer siv rau pem hauv ntej lub ntsej muag ntawm txhua lub thawv.Judd qhov kev sib txuam ntawm cov xim thiab cov khoom muabUntitled (Stack)ib tug fastidious elegance uas softens nws abstract absolutism.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Rocor

Zoo li Benglis, Hesse yog ib tug poj niam ua yeeb yam uas tau lim Postminimalism los ntawm kev sib cav feminist prism.Ib tug neeg Yudais uas khiav tawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees thaum nws tseem yog menyuam yaus, nws tau tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv organic, tsim cov khoom siv fiberglass, latex thiab hlua uas ua rau tawv nqaij lossis nqaij tawv, qhov chaw mos thiab lwm yam hauv lub cev.Muab nws keeb kwm yav dhau los, nws tau ntxias kom pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev raug mob lossis kev ntxhov siab hauv kev ua haujlwm xws li qhov no.

Yees duab: Courtesy The Museum of Modern Art

Tom qab Judd thiab Flavin, ib pab pawg neeg ua yeeb yam tau tawm ntawm Minimalism txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov kab huv.Raws li ib feem ntawm Postminimalist tiam no, Richard Serra muab lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj steroids, ua kom nws cov nplai thiab qhov hnyav, thiab ua rau cov kev cai ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub tswv yim.Nws tau tsim cov kev ntsuas tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov hlau lossis cov hlau lead thiab cov kav dej uas hnyav hauv cov tons, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua phem rau kev ua haujlwm.(Ntawm ob lub sijhawm, riggers txhim kho Serra pieces raug tua lossis raug mob thaum ua haujlwm yuam kev.) Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, Serra txoj haujlwm tau txais kev kho kom zoo nkauj curvilinear uas ua rau nws nrov heev, tab sis thaum ntxov mus, ua haujlwm zoo li One Ton Prop (Lub Tsev. ntawm Daim Npav), uas muaj plaub daim hlau lead ua ke, sib txuas lus nws cov kev txhawj xeeb nrog kev ncaj ncees.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua dav dav thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1960 thiab 1970s, cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau tawm tsam tawm tsam kev lag luam hauv lub ntiaj teb, tsim cov duab kos duab tshiab zoo li av ua haujlwm.Kuj tseem hu ua kev kos duab hauv av, ib hom kev ua yeeb yam yog Robert Smithson (1938-1973), uas, nrog rau cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Michael Heizer, Walter De Maria thiab James Turrel, tau mus rau hauv cov suab puam ntawm Western Tebchaws Meskas los tsim cov haujlwm tseem ceeb uas. ua yeeb yam nrog lawv ib puag ncig.Qhov chaw tshwj xeeb no, raws li nws tau hu ua, feem ntau siv cov khoom siv ncaj qha los ntawm toj roob hauv pes.Xws li yog rooj plaub nrog Smithson'sKauv Jetty, uas juts rau hauv Utah lub Great Salt Lake los ntawm Rozel Point ntawm lub pas dej sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj.Ua los ntawm av nkos, ntsev crystals thiab basalt muab rho tawm ntawm qhov chaw,Spiral Jetty ntsuas1,500 x 15 feet.Nws tau submerged nyob rau hauv lub pas dej tau ntau xyoo mus txog rau thaum lub caij ntuj qhuav nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 2000s coj nws mus rau saum npoo dua.Hauv xyoo 2017,Kauv Jettytau lub npe hu ua tus thawj artwork ntawm Utah.

Yees duab: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

Tus kws kos duab kos npe rau Fabkis txoj haujlwm,Kab laug sabtau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1990s thaum Bourgeois (1911-2010) twb nyob rau hauv nws eighties.Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub versions ntawm txawv scale, nrog rau ib co uas yog monumental.Kab laug sabyog txhais tau tias yog khoom plig rau tus kws kos duab niam, lub tapestry restorer (li no lub allusion rau arachnid lub propensity rau spinning webs).

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Tus yeej ntawm lub koob npe nrov Turner nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1994, Antony Gormley yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nto moo sculptors nyob rau hauv lub UK, tab sis nws kuj paub lub ntiaj teb no rau nws tshwj xeeb coj nyob rau hauv cov duab kos duab, ib tug nyob rau hauv uas txawv variations nyob rau hauv scale thiab style raws li, rau feem ntau, ntawm tib lub template: Ib tug cam khwb cia ntawm tus artist lub cev.Qhov ntawd yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov loj loj tis monument nyob ze lub nroog Gateshead nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Askiv.Sited raws ib txoj kev loj loj,Angelsoars mus rau 66 ko taw nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab spans 177 ko taw nyob rau hauv dav ntawm tistip rau tistip.Raws li Gormley, kev ua haujlwm yog txhais tau tias yog ib hom cim cim ntawm Tebchaws Askiv txoj kev lag luam yav dhau los (cov duab puab nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv lub tebchaws thee, lub plawv ntawm Industrial Revolution) thiab nws lub neej tom qab kev lag luam.

Saib xyuas CC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Kev nyiam hu ua "Lub Taum" los ntawm Chicagoans rau nws daim ntawv khoov ellipsoidal,Huab rooj vag, Anish Kapoor cov pej xeem kos duab centerpiece rau Lub Nroog Thib Ob Lub Tsev Ua Si Millennium Park, yog ob qho tib si artwork thiab architecture, muab ib qho kev npaj rau Instagram rau hnub Sunday strollers thiab lwm tus neeg tuaj xyuas lub tiaj ua si.Fabricated los ntawm mirrored steel,Huab rooj vagQhov kev lom zem-lub tsev muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab loj-scale ua rau nws Kapoor qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub daim.

Saib xyuas tus kws kos duab thiab Greene Naftali, New York

Rachel Harrison txoj haujlwm ua ke nrog kev sib koom ua ke nrog kev sib tw rau imbuing seemingly abstract ntsiab nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus, nrog rau kev nom kev tswv.Nws fiercely nug monumentality thiab tus txiv neej prerogative uas mus nrog nws.Harrison tsim ntau yam ntawm nws cov duab puab los ntawm stacking thiab npaj blocks los yog slabs ntawm Styrofoam, ua ntej npog lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug ua ke ntawm cov cement thiab painterly flourishes.Lub cherry nyob rau sab saum toj yog qee yam ntawm cov khoom pom, ib leeg lossis ua ke nrog lwm tus.Ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb yog qhov mannequin nyob rau saum ib daim ntawv elongated, pleev xim rau daim ntawv.Hnav lub kaus mom, thiab lub ntsej muag rov qab ntawm Abraham Lincoln lub npog ntsej muag, txoj haujlwm xa mus rau tus txiv neej txoj kev xav ntawm keeb kwm nrog nws txoj kev xav ntawm Ancient World's conqueror sawv siab ntawm lub pob zeb-xim xim.