Qhov xav tau dej huv hauv tebchaws Askiv xyoo 19th tau coj mus rau ib hom tshiab thiab zoo nkauj ntawm cov rooj tog hauv kev.Kathryn Ferry tshuaj xyuas cov dej ciav dej.Peb nyob hauv lub sijhawm ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau, ntawm xov tooj hluav taws xob, thiab ntawm chav xovxwm ...'Art JournalThaum lub Plaub Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1860, tseem 'txawm tias tam sim no peb tseem tsis tau nce mus deb dhau qhov kev sim siab li no thaum kawg yuav ua rau peb muab cov dej ntshiab huv… kom ua tau raws li peb cov neeg nyob ruaj khov.'Cov neeg ua haujlwm Victorian raug yuam kom siv nyiaj npias thiab gin vim tias, rau tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev lag luam, cov khoom siv dej tseem tsis zoo thiab muaj kuab paug hnyav.Cov neeg tawm tsam Temperance tau sib cav tias kev cia siab rau cawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo, suav nrog kev txom nyem, kev ua txhaum cai thiab kev txom nyem. Pub dawb rau pej xeem haus cov ciav dej tau raug qhuas tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws teeb meem.Tseeb tiag, lubArt Journaltau tshaj tawm tias tib neeg hla London thiab thaj chaw deb li cas, 'tsis tshua muaj peev xwm zam tsis pom ntau tus ciav dej uas nyob txhua qhov chaw nce, yuav luag zoo li, los ntawm khawv koob, mus rau hauv hav zoov'.Cov khoom tshiab ntawm cov rooj tog hauv kev no tau tsim los ntawm kev ua siab zoo ntawm ntau tus neeg pub dawb, uas nrhiav kev txhim kho pej xeem kev coj ncaj ncees los ntawm tus ciav tus qauv tsim, nrog rau nws txoj haujlwm.Ntau tus qauv, cov cim zoo nkauj, cov haujlwm sculptural thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau raug coj mus rau lub hom phiaj no, ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob.Cov philanthropic fountains ntxov tshaj plaws yog cov qauv yooj yim.Unitarian tub lag luam Charles Pierre Melly piered lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev lub nroog ntawm Liverpool, tau pom cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov dej haus dawb huv ntawm kev mus xyuas Geneva, Switzerland, xyoo 1852. Nws qhib nws thawj qhov chaw ntawm Prince's Dock hauv lub Peb Hlis 1854, xaiv polished. liab Aberdeen granite rau nws cov resilience thiab muab ib tug nruam ntws dej kom tsis txhob tawg los yog malfunction ntawm kais.Set rau hauv lub dock phab ntsa, qhov chaw no muaj ib tug projecting phiab nrog haus khob txuas los ntawm chains ntawm ob sab, tag nrho topped los ntawm ib tug pediment (Fig 1).Hauv plaub xyoos tom ntej no, Melly tau pab nyiaj rau 30 qhov chaw ntxiv, ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev txav mus rau lwm lub nroog, suav nrog Leeds, Hull, Preston thiab Derby.London poob qab.Txawm hais tias Dr.Samuel Gurney MP, tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kev sib raug zoo Elizabeth Fry, tau ua qhov laj thawj, nrog rau tus kws lij choj Edward Wakefield.Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1859, lawv tau tsim lub koom haum Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association thiab, ob lub lis piam tom qab ntawd, tau qhib lawv thawj qhov chaw nyob hauv phab ntsa ntawm St Sepulchre lub tsev teev ntuj, hauv nroog London.Dej tau khiav los ntawm lub plhaub dawb marble rau hauv lub phiab hauv ib lub me me granite arch.Cov qauv no muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no, txawm tias tsis muaj nws cov txheej txheem ntawm Romanesque arches.Tsis ntev nws tau raug siv los ntawm ntau tshaj 7,000 tus neeg txhua hnub. Cov kwj deg zoo li no tau sib piv nrog cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws uas lawv tau tsim.Tseem, asXov Xwm Hauv Tsevruefully pom nyob rau hauv 1866: 'Nws tau yog ib daim ntawv ntawm kev tsis txaus siab tawm tsam cov promoters ntawm no txav uas lawv tau tsa lub feem ntau hideous qhov chaw uas tej zaum yuav tsim, thiab yeej ib co ntawm cov feem ntau pretentious manifest raws li me ntsis kev zoo nkauj raws li tus nqi qis dua. 'Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem yog tias lawv tau sib tw nrog dab tsiArt Journalhu ua 'gorgeous thiab glittering decorations' nyob rau hauv uas 'txawm lub pernicious feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem-tsev abound'.Kev siv zog los tsim cov lus zoo nkauj uas hais txog cov ntsiab lus dej thiab ntaus cov ntawv sau ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees tau txiav txim siab sib xyaw.Xov Xwm Hauv TsevTsis ntseeg leej twg yuav xav tau 'ntau spouting lilies, ntuav tsov ntxhuav, quaj qw, Mauxes ntaus pob zeb, unamiable taub hau thiab ungainly saib cov hlab ntsha.Tag nrho cov vagaries no tsuas yog absurd thiab tsis muaj tseeb, thiab yuav tsum poob siab.'Gurney txoj kev siab hlub tau tsim ib phau ntawv qauv, tab sis cov neeg pub nyiaj feem ntau nyiam xaiv lawv tus kws tsim qauv.Lub behemoth ntawm cov dej ntws, tsim nyob rau hauv Hackney's Victoria Park los ntawm Angela Burdett-Coutts, raug nqi ze li ntawm £ 6,000, ib qho nyiaj uas tau them rau txog 200 tus qauv qauv.Burdett-Coutts tus kws kos duab nyiam, Henry Darbishire, tsim ib thaj av uas nce mus rau ntau tshaj 58ft.Historians tau sim sau cov qauv, ua tiav xyoo 1862, los ntawm kev sau nws cov stylistic qhov chaw xws li Venetian / Moorish / Gothic / Renaissance, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi piav txog nws cov eclecticism. zoo tshaj lub epithet 'Victorian'.Txawm hais tias txawv tshaj plaw rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntau dhau nws lavished rau cov neeg nyob hauv East End, nws kuj yog ib qho chaw rau nws tus neeg txhawb nqa txoj kev nyiam.Lwm qhov chaw zoo nkauj London yog Buxton Memorial (Fig 8), tam sim no nyob rau hauv Victoria Tower Gardens.Thawj coj los ntawm Charles Buxton MP los ua kev zoo siab rau nws txiv txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv 1833 Slavery Abolition Act, nws tau tsim los ntawm Samuel Sanders Teulon hauv 1865. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov zoo nkauj ntawm lub ru tsev lossis lub tiaj tus ntawm slate, Teulon tig mus rau Skidmore Art Manufacture thiab Constructive Iron Co, uas nws cov txheej txheem tshiab siv cov plaques ntawm cov hlau nrog cov qauv tsa los muab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo thiab acid-resistant enamel los muab cov xim.Cov nyhuv zoo li pom ib nplooj ntawv ntawm Owen Jones's 1856 compendium.Cov Lus Txhais ntawm Ornamentqhwv ncig lub spire.Plaub lub tais granite ntawm tus ciav nws tus kheej zaum hauv ib lub tsev teev ntuj me me ntawm qhov chaw, hauv qab lub hauv paus ncej tuab uas tau txais cov ilv springings ntawm lub nplhaib sab nraud ntawm yim shafts ntawm pawg.Lub tsev theem nrab, nruab nrab ntawm arcade thiab steeple, yog massed nrog mosaic kho kom zoo nkauj thiab Gothic pob zeb carvings los ntawm rhiav ntawm Thomas Earp.Kev hloov pauv ntawm Gothic ua pov thawj nrov, raws li cov style yog ob qho tib si fashionable thiab txuam nrog Christian benevolence.Piv txwv tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub rooj sib tham tshiab hauv zej zog, qee qhov chaw paub zoo zoo li kev lag luam medieval hla nrog pinnacled thiab crocketed spires, xws li ntawm Nailsworth hauv Gloucester-shire (1862), Great Torrington hauv Devon (1870) (Fig 7) thiab Henley-on-Thames hauv Oxfordshire (1885).Nyob rau lwm qhov, ib lub cev Gothic ntau dua tau coj los dais, pom hauv qhov muag-catchingly stripedlusntawm William Dyce tus ciav dej rau Streatham Green hauv London (1862) thiab Alderman Proctor tus ciav dej ntawm Clifton Down hauv Bristol los ntawm George thiab Henry Godwin (1872).Ntawm Shrigley hauv Co Down, 1871 Martin memorial ciav (Fig 5) tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Belfast kws kes duab vajtse Timothy Hevey, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm octagonal arcade mus rau square moos ntauwd nrog meaty ya buttresses.Raws li tau ua ntau lub kwj dej nyob rau hauv no idiom, cov qauv siv ib tug complex sculptural iconography, tam sim no puas, sawv cev rau cov ntseeg virtues.Lub hexagonal Gothic ciav ntawm Bolton Abbey (Fig 4), tau tsa hauv kev nco txog Tswv Frederick Cavendish hauv 1886, yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Manchester architects T. Worthington thiab JG Elgood.Raws li covLeeds Mercury, nws muaj 'ib qho chaw tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv scenery, uas tsis tsuas yog tsim ib lub brightest gems nyob rau hauv Yorkshire lub crown, tab sis yog hlub rau tag nrho cov los ntawm vim li cas ntawm nws cov koom haum nrog lub statesman uas nws lub npe lub hom phiaj yog kom nco qab'.Fountain-Gothic pov thawj. nws tus kheej yog lub hauv paus hloov pauv rau pej xeem memorials, txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho piv txwv tsis tshua muaj ornate rau allude ntau ze rau funerary monuments.Revivalist styles, suav nrog Classical, Tudor, Italianate thiab Norman, kuj tau mined rau kev tshoov siab.Cov kev tsim vaj tsev loj heev tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev sib piv Philip Webb tus ciav dej ntawm Shoreditch hauv East London nrog James Forsyth tus ciav dej ntawm Dudley hauv West Midlands.Lub qub yog txawv txawv rau kev tsim los ua ib feem ntawm lub tsev loj;qhov kawg yog tej zaum tus piv txwv loj tshaj sab nraum London.Webb tus qauv tsim xyoo 1861–63 yog ib feem ntawm ib qho chaw terrace ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse cov tsev nyob ntawm Txoj Kev Worship, ib txoj haujlwm uas tau thov rau nws cov kev coj noj coj ua.Raws li tej zaum yuav xav tau los ntawm ib tug pioneer ntawm Arts-and-Crafts Movement, Webb tus ciav yog ntawm ib tug pared-down daim ntawv raws li ib tug finely molded capital saum toj no ib tug polygonal kab.Tsis muaj qhov tsim nyog ornaments.Los ntawm qhov sib txawv, 27ft-siab tus ciav commissioned los ntawm Earl ntawm Dudley nyob rau hauv 1867 yog ornamented mus rau ib tug nigh grotesque degree, raws li nyob ib ncig ntawm lub arched qhib.Tus sculptor James Forsyth ntxiv ib lub voj voog ib ncig ntawm ob sab nrog npau taws- saib ntses taub ntswg ntev ntws dej rau hauv nyuj troughs.saum toj no, pem hauv ntej ib nrab ntawm ob tug nees zoo li ncaws tawm ntawm cov qauv deb ntawm lub ru tsev pyramidal topped nrog ib pawg allegorical sawv cev rau kev lag luam.Cov duab puab suav nrog festoons ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab keystone dluab ntawm tus dej vajtswv thiab dej nymph.Cov duab keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias qhov Baroque pomposity no yog ib zaug sib npaug los ntawm plaub cam khwb cia hlau qauv teeb, uas tsis yog tsuas yog framed tus ciav, tab sis ci nws rau hmo ntuj haus. qhov chaw (Fig 6).Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1860s, Wills Cov Kwv Tij ntawm Euston Road, London koom tes nrog Coalbrookdale Iron Works hauv Shropshire los tsim kom muaj lub koob npe nrov rau kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo.Mural fountains uas muaj sia nyob hauv Cardiff thiab Merthyr Tydfil (Fig 2) qhia tias Yexus taw rau cov lus qhia 'Tus twg haus dej uas kuv muab rau nws yuav tsis nqhis'.Coalbrookedale kuj cam nws tus kheej tsim, xws li cov dej haus ua ke thiab nyuj trough tsim ntawm Somerton hauv Somerset, kos npe rau Edward VII lub coronation nyob rau hauv 1902. Lub Saracen Foundry ntawm Walter Mac-farlane nyob rau hauv Glasgow muab nws txawv versions (Fig 3) mus rau qhov chaw sib nrug deb li Aberdeenshire thiab Isle of Wight.patent tsim, uas tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, muaj ib lub hauv paus phiab hauv qab ib tug perforated hlau canopy nrog cusped arches so ntawm slender hlau txhua.CovArt Journalsuav hais tias tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig yog 'hloov Alhambresque' thiab yog li tsim nyog rau nws txoj haujlwm, qhov style yog 'invariably txuam rau hauv lub siab nrog rau qhov qhuav sultry East, qhov twg cov dej gushing yog xav tau ntau tshaj li ruby ​​caw'.Lwm cov hlau tsim tau ntau dua derivative.Xyoo 1877, Andrew Handyside thiab Co of Derby tau muab cov ciav dej raws li Choragic Monument of Lysicrates hauv Athens rau lub tsev teev ntuj London ntawm St Pancras.Lub Strand twb muaj tus ciav zoo sib xws, tsim los ntawm Wills Bros thiab muab los ntawm Robert Hanbury, uas tau tsiv mus rau Wimbledon xyoo 1904.